Mark Nelson's Papers

Publications listed on this page are sorted into the following categories.

Book Chapters Refereed Papers Letters to the editor Accepted for publication
Refereed conference proceedings Unrefereed conference proceedings Miscellaneous Submitted
Publications as editor

You can read the abstracts for papers I published in a given year by clicking on the year in the list below. Alternatively, clicking on the title of one of papers will take you straight to the corresponding abstract.

1995 1999 2003 2007 Miscellaneous
1996 2000 2004 2008 Submitted for Publication
1997 2001 2005 2009
1998 2002 2006

In the following:

    Book Chapters

  1. M.I. Nelson and X.D. Chen. Recent experimental work on the self-heating and spontaneous combustion of coal, in G.B. Stracher (editor), Wild Coal Fires: Case Studies from Around the World, Geological Society of America Reviews in Engineering Geology v, XVIII, p 31-83, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2007.4118(04).
  2. M.I. Nelson, X.D. Chen and H.S. Sidhu. Reducing the emission of pollutants in industrial wastewater through the use of membrane reactors. In R.J. Hosking and E. Venturino (Editors), Aspects of Mathematical Modelling, Birkhäuser, Basel, 95-107, 2008.

    3. Refereed papers

  3. M.I. Nelson, J. Brindley, and A.C. McIntosh. A Mathematical Model of Ignition in the Cone Calorimeter. Combustion Science and Technology, 104:35-54, 1995.
  4. M.I. Nelson and J. Brindley. Modelling Char-Formation in Isothermal and Non-Isothermal Thermogravimetric Experiments. Thermochimica Acta, 258:175-188, July 1995.
  5. M.I. Nelson, J. Brindley, and A.C. McIntosh. The Dependence of Critical Heat Flux on Fuel and Additive Properties: A Critical Mass Flux Model. Fire Safety Journal, 24(2):107-130, 1995.
  6. M.I. Nelson, J. Brindley, and A.C. McIntosh. Ignition Properties of Thermally Thin Materials in the Cone Calorimeter: A Critical Mass Flux Model. Combustion Science and Technology, 113-114:221-241, 1996.
  7. M.I. Nelson, J. Brindley, and A.C. McIntosh. Polymer Ignition. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 24(8):39-46, October 1996.
  8. M.I. Nelson, J. Brindley, and A.C. McIntosh. Ignition Properties of Thermally Thin Thermoplastics - The Effectiveness of Inert Additives in Reducing Flammability. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 54(2-3):255-267, 1996.
  9. M.I. Nelson, J. Brindley, and A.C. McIntosh. The Effect of Heat Sink Additives on the Ignition and Heat Release Properties of Thermally Thin Thermoplastics. Fire Safety Journal, 28(1): 67-94, February 1997.
  10. M.I. Nelson. Ignition Mechanisms of Thermally Thin Thermoplastics in the Cone Calorimeter. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A, 454(1971):789-814, March 1998.
  11. E. Balakrishnan, M.I. Nelson, and G.C. Wake. Radiative Ignition of Combustible Materials I. Polymeric Materials Undergoing Non-Flaming Thermal Degradation - The Critical Storage Problem.
    12. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 30(11-12):177-195, December 1999.
  12. M.I. Nelson and J. Brindley. Polymer Combustion: Effects of Flame Emissivity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A, 357:3655-3673, December 1999.
  13. M.I. Nelson, G.C. Wake, and X.D. Chen. Heterogeneously catalysed combustion in a continuously stirred tank reactor - low temperature reactions. Combustion Theory and Modelling, 4(1):1-27, March 2000.
  14. M.I. Nelson. Comparison Theorems for Multicomponent Diffusion Systems: Developments since 1961. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences, 4(2):151-163, 2000.
  15. H.S. Sidhu, M.I. Nelson, G.N. Mercer and R.O. Weber. Dynamical analysis of an elementary X+Y-->P reaction in a continuously stirred tank reactor Journal of Mathematical Chemistry, 28(4):353-375, 2000.
  16. M.I. Nelson. A dynamical systems model of the limiting oxygen index test. II Retardancy due to char-formation and addition of inert fillers. Combustion Theory and Modelling, 5(1): 59-83, March 2001.
  17. M.I. Nelson, G.C. Wake, X.D. Chen, and E. Balakrishnan. The multiplicity of steady-state solutions arising from microwave heating: I Infinite biot number and small penetration depth. The ANZIAM Journal, 43(1): 87-103, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1446181100011445.
  18. M.I. Nelson, H.S. Sidhu, R.O. Weber, and G.N. Mercer. A dynamical systems model of the limiting oxygen index test. The ANZIAM Journal, 43(1): 105-117, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1446181100011457.
  19. J.E.J. Staggs and M.I. Nelson. A critical mass flux model for the flammability of thermoplastics. Combustion Theory and Modelling, 5(3), 399-427, September 2001.
  20. E. Balakrishnan, M.I. Nelson and X.D. Chen. Microwave assisted ignition to achieve combustion synthesis. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences, 5(3): 151-164, September 2001.
  21. M.I. Nelson. Thermally thin materials with enhanced fire-resistant properties: A dynamical systems model. Combustion Science and Technology, 167: 82-112, 2001.
  22. M.I. Nelson and H.S. Sidhu. Bifurcation phenomena for an oxidation reaction in a continuously stirred tank reactor. I Adiabatic operation. Journal of Mathematical Chemistry, 31(2): 155-186, February 2002.
  23. M.I. Nelson, J. Brindley and A.C. McIntosh. Ignition properties of thermally thin plastics: The effectiveness of non-competitive char formation in reducing flammability. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences, 6(3): 155-181, 2002.
  24. M.J. Sexton, H.S. Sidhu, and M.I. Nelson. Numerical Investigation of a Reaction in a Batch Reactor: Flammability Limits. The ANZIAM Journal, 44(E): C687-C704, 2003.

    The full text of this article is available from http://anziamj.austms.org.au/V44/CTAC2001/Sext/home.html.

  25. M.I. Nelson, E. Balakrishnan, and X.D. Chen. A Semenov model of self-heating in compost piles. Transactions of IChemE Part B: Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 81(B), 375-383, 2003.

    This paper was awarded a `John A Brodie Medal: Certificate of Merit' for being one of the top six papers published in the 9th Asia Pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineers Congress (2002) in practical application of chemical engineering. They were over 900 papers provided to the congress. The award is given annually by the Chairman of College of Chemical Engineers, The Institution of Engineers of Australia.

  26. M.I. Nelson and H.S. Sidhu. Bifurcation phenomena for an oxidation reaction in a continuously stirred tank reactor. II Diabatic operation. The ANZIAM Journal, 45(3), 303-326, 2004.

    The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) link for this article is http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1446181100013389.

  27. M.I. Nelson and H.S. Sidhu. Flammability limits of an oxidation reaction in a batch reactor. II The Rychlý mechanism. Journal of Mathematical Chemistry, 35(2), 119-129, February 2004.

    The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) link for this article is http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOMC.0000014308.66514.e7.

  28. T.R. Marchant and M.I. Nelson. Semi-analytical solutions for one and two-dimensional pellet problems. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A, 460, 2381-2394, 2004.
  29. M.I. Nelson. Bifurcation phenomena for an oxidation reaction in a continuously stirred tank reactor. III The inhibiting effect of an inert species. The ANZIAM Journal, 46(3), 399-416, March 2005.

    The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) link for this article is http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1446181100008348.

  30. H.S. Sidhu and M.I. Nelson. Behaviour of an elementary oxidation reaction in a semi-batch reactor. Chemical Engineering Journal, 110(1-3), 31-39, 2005.

    31. The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) link for this article is http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2005.04.012.

  31. M.I. Nelson and H.S. Sidhu. Analysis of a chemostat model with variable yield coefficient. Journal of Mathematical Chemistry, 38(4): 605-615, 2005.
  32. M.I. Nelson, X.D. Chen and M.J. Sexton. Analysis of the Michaelis-Menten mechanisms in an immobilised enzyme reactor. The ANZIAM Journal, 47(2): 173-184, 2005.

    The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) link for this article is http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1446181100009974.

  33. M.I. Nelson and H.S. Sidhu. Evaluating the performance of a cascade of two bioreactors. Chemical Engineering Science, 61(10): 3159-3166, 2006.

    34. The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) link for this article is http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2005.12.007.

  34. S.D. Watt, H.S. Sidhu, and M.I. Nelson. Analysis of a model for the treatment of wastewater by the activated sludge process. The ANZIAM Journal, 47: C1-C18, 2006.

    The full text of this article is available from http://anziamj.austms.org.au/V47EMAC2005/Watt/home.html.

  35. R.O. Weber, H.S. Sidhu, D.M. Sawadeu, G.N. Mercer and M.I. Nelson. Using the method of lines to determine critical conditions for thermal ignition. The Journal of Engineering Mathematics, 56, 185-200, 2006.

    The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) link for this article is http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10665-006-9059-9.

  36. M.I. Nelson and H.S. Sidhu. Reducing the emission of pollutants in food processing wastewaters. Chemical Engineering & Processing, 46(5), 429-436, May 2007.

    The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) link for this article is http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2006.04.012.

  37. H.S. Sidhu, M.I. Nelson, T. Luangwilaiu and X.D. Chen. Mathematical Modelling of the Self-Heating Process in Compost Piles. Chemical Product and Process Modeling, 2(2), article 8, 2007.

    This paper is available at http://www.bepress.com/cppm/vol2/iss2/8.

  38. H.S. Sidhu, M.I. Nelson and X.D. Chen. A simple spatial model for self-heating compost piles. ANZIAM Journal E, 48, C135-C150, 2007.

    This paper is available at http://anziamj.austms.org.au/ojs/index.php/ANZIAMJ/article/view/86

  39. H.S. Sidhu, S.D. Watt, M.I. Nelson and A.K. Ray. Performance improvement and dynamical behaviour analysis of a cascade of two CSTRs. International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 5: A13, 2007.

    This paper is available at http://www.bepress.com/ijcre/vol5/A13.

  40. E. Aminifarp, A. Porter, R. Caladine and M.I. Nelson. Creating mathematical learning resources --- combining audio and visual components. ANZIAM Journal E 47, pp C934-C955, 2007.

    This paper is available at http://anziamj.austms.org.au/V47EMAC2005/Aminifar/home.html.

  41. S. Karp, X.D. Chen and M.I. Nelson. Direct-contact heat transfer coefficient for condensing vapor bubble in stagnant liquid pool. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 85(A3), 320-328, 2007.

    The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) link for this article is http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/cherd06030.

  42. M.I. Nelson, T.R. Marchant, G.C. Wake, E. Balakrishnan, and X.D. Chen. Self-heating in compost piles due to biological effects. Chemical Engineering Science 62(17), 4612-4618, 2007.

    The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) link for this article is http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2007.05.018.

  43. S.D. Watt, H.S. Sidhu, M.I. Nelson and A.K. Ray. Analysis of a model for ethanol production through continuous fermentation. ANZIAM Journal E (EMAC2007), 49, C85-C99, 2007.

    This paper is available at http://anziamj.austms.org.au/ojs/index.php/ANZIAMJ/article/view/322.

  44. M.I. Nelson, T. Kerru and X.D. Chen. A fundamental analysis of continuous flow bioreactor and membrane reactor models with death and maintenance included. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 3(1), 70-80, 2008.

    45. The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) link for this article is http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.106.

  45. M.I. Nelson and E. Balakrishnan. Autoignition of hydrocarbons in a batch reactor. Analysis of a reduced model. Applied Mathematics Letters, 21(8), 866-871, 2008.

    46. The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) link for this article is http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aml.2007.08.014.

  46. M.I. Nelson, E. Balakrishnan, H.S. Sidhu and X.D. Chen. A fundamental analysis of continuous flow bioreactor models and membrane reactor models to process industrial wastewaters. Chemical Engineering Journal, 140, 521-528, 2008.

    47. The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) link for this article is http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2007.11.035.

  47. M.I. Nelson, J.L. Quigleyu and X.D. Chen. A fundamental analysis of continuous flow bioreactor and membrane reactor models with non-competitive product inhibition Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 4(1), 107-117, 2009.

    48. The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) link for this article is http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.234.

  48. M.I. Nelson and H.S. Sidhu. Analysis of the activated sludge model (number 1). Applied Mathematics Letters, 22, 629-635, 2009.

    49. The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) link for this article is http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aml.2008.05.003.

  49. M.I. Nelson and A. Holderu. A fundamental analysis of continuous flow bioreactor models governed by Contois kinetics. II. Reactor cascades. Chemical Engineering Journal, 149 (1-3), 406-416, 2009.

    The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) link for this article is http://dx.doi.org//10.1016/j.cej.2009.01.028.

  50. M.I. Nelson and H.S. Sidhu. Analysis of a chemostat model with variable yield coefficient: Tessier kinetics. The Journal of Mathematical Chemistry, 46(2), 303-321.

    The DOI (Digital Object Identifier) link for this article is http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10910-008-9463-7.

    51. Letters to the editor

  51. M.I. Nelson, J. Brindley, and A.C. McIntosh. Letter to the Editor: Response. Fire Safety Journal, 25(4): 357-360, November 1996.

    52. Accepted for publication

  52. H.S. Sidhu, S.D. Watt, and M.I. Nelson. Performance comparison between a two-reactor cascade and a single tank in an Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Process. Accepted for publication in the International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 11th April 2007.

    53. Refereed conference proceedings

  53. M.I. Nelson. A Dynamical Systems Model of Autoignition in the Cone Calorimeter. In Fire Safety Science: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, pages 547-558. International Association for Fire Safety Science, 1997. ISBN 4-9900625-5-5.
  54. H.S. Sidhu, M.J. Sexton, M.I. Nelson, G.N. Mercer, and R.O. Weber. A simple combustion process in a semibatch reactor. In R.L. May, G.F. Fitz-Gerald, and I.H. Grundy, editors, EMAC 2000 Proceedings, pages 251--254. The Institution of Engineers, Australia, 2000. ISBN 085825 705X.
  55. N. Waterhouseu, H.S. Sidhu and M.I. Nelson. Polymer combustion: The critical mass flux model. In M. Pemberton, I. Turner, and P. Jacobs, editors, EMAC 2002 Proceedings, pages 231--236. The Institution of Engineers, Australia, 2002. ISSN 1447-378X.
  56. R.O. Weber, M.I. Nelson, and S. Gay. Modelling wine production. In M. Pemberton, I. Turner, and P. Jacobs, editors, EMAC 2002 Proceedings, pages 237--240. The Institution of Engineers, Australia, 2002. ISSN 1447-378X.
  57. M.I. Nelson and H.S. Sidhu. Improving the Productivity of Bioreactors using Natural Oscillations. In R.L. May, and W.F. Blyth, editors, EMAC 2003 Proceedings, pages 163--168. Engineering Mathematics Group, ANZIAM, 2003. ISBN 1-86365-533-6.
  58. M.I. Nelson and H.S. Sidhu. Efficient Means of Determining Product Yields in Reactors. In Proceedings of the 31st Australasian Chemical Engineering Conference, CHEMECA 2003, 6 pages (on CDROM), 2003. ISBN 0-86396-829-5.
  59. H.S. Sidhu and M.I. Nelson. Improving Bioreactor Performance: Are Two CSTBs Always Better Than One? In Proceedings of the 33rd Australasian Chemical Engineering Conference, CHEMECA 2005, 6 pages (on CDROM). Institute of Engineers, Australia, 2005. ISBN 1-86499-832-6.
  60. H.S. Sidhu, S.D. Watt and M.I. Nelson. Activated sludge wastewater treatment process: Performance comparison between a two-reactor cascade and a single tank. In D. Patterson & B. Young, editors, Proceedings of the 34th Australasian Chemical Engineering Conference, CHEMECA 2006, 6 pages (on CDROM). CCE Conference Management, The University of Auckland, New Zealand, 2006. ISBN 0-86869-110-0.
  61. H.S. Sidhu, M.I. Nelson, N.A. Ansari and X.D. Chen. Mathematical analysis of self-heating in compost piles. In D. Patterson & B. Young, editors, Proceedings of the 34th Australasian Chemical Engineering Conference, CHEMECA 2006, 6 pages (on CDROM). CCE Conference Management, The University of Auckland, New Zealand, 2006. ISBN 0-86869-110-0.
  62. Elahe Aminifarp, Richard Caladine, Anne Porter and Mark I. Nelson. Online Solutions to Mathematical Problems: Combining Video, Audio and Stills on the Web . In T.C. Reeves and S.F. Yamashita, editors, Proceedings of E-Learn 2006. World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare & Higher Education, pages 2-8 (on CDROM), Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education, 2006. ISBN 1-880094-60-6
  63. H.S. Sidhu and M.I. Nelson. Mathematical analysis of the activated sludge process for domestic wastewater treatment. In Proceedings of the 35th Australasian Chemical Engineering Conference, CHEMECA 2007, pages 712-720 (on CDROM), Engineers Australia, 2007. ISBN 0-858-25844-7.
  64. M.I. Nelson, H.S. Sidhu and X.D. Chen. A spatially uniform model of oxidative self-heating in compost piles. In Proceedings of the 35th Australasian Chemical Engineering Conference, CHEMECA 2007, pages 1673-1683 (on CDROM), Engineers Australia, 2007. ISBN 0-858-25844-7.
  65. S.D. Watt, H.S. Sidhu, M.I. Nelson and A.K. Ray. Improving ethanol production through continuous fermentation. In Proceedings of the 35th Australasian Chemical Engineering Conference, CHEMECA 2007, pages 1862-1869 (on CDROM), Engineers Australia, 2007. ISBN 0-858-25844-7.
  66. E. Aminifarp, R. Caladine, A. Porter and M.I. Nelson. Beyond Videoconference: Increased Functionality to Enhance Media-Rich Interactions in Teaching and Learning. In G. Richards (Editor), Proceedings of World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education 2007, pages 6985-6990, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education, Chesapeake, VA, USA, 2007.
  67. A. Porter, M.I. Nelson, E. Aminifarp, G. Williams, and R. Caladine. Access grid rooms: the plan, the reality. In C.S. Lim, S. Fatimah, G. Munirah, S. Hajar, M.Y. Hashimah, W.L. Gan, and T.Y. Hwa, editors, Proceedings of the 4th East Asia Regional Conference on Mathematics Education 2007 (EARCOME 4), pages 285--291. School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2007. ISBN 978-983-2700-45-46.
  68. H.S. Sidhu, J. Kavanagh, S.D. Watt and M.I. Nelson. Performance Evaluation of Ethanol Production Through Continuous Fermentation. In Proceedings of the 36th Australasian Chemical Engineering Conference, CHEMECA 2008, pages 590-599 (on CDROM), Engineers Australia, 2008. ISBN 85825-823-4.
  69. M.I. Nelson, H.S. Sidhu and A.A. Adesina. An Operational Model for a Well-Stirred Membrane Bioreactor: Reactor Performance Analysis. In Proceedings of the 36th Australasian Chemical Engineering Conference, CHEMECA 2008, pages 1566-1574 (on CDROM), Engineers Australia, 2008. ISBN 85825-823-4.

    70. Unrefereed conference proceedings

  70. M.I. Nelson. The Autoignition of Thermoplastics in the Cone Calorimeter: A Dynamical Systems Model. In Proceedings of the 16th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, pages 494-497. Wydawnictwo,, Akapit'' (Kraków, Poland), 1997. ISBN 83-7108-028-X.

    71. Miscellaneous

  71. M.I. Nelson and B.R. Young. Editorial: Special Issue Contributed from CHEMECA 2006 - Australasian Process Modelling and Control Selected Papers. (2007) Chemical Product and Process Modelling, 2, Issue 2, Article 1. Available at http://www.bepress.com/cppm/vol2/iss2/1.

    72. Submitted

  72. M.I. Nelson. Flammability limits in closed vessel experiments: A Semenov model. Submitted, 2000.
  73. M.I. Nelson and X.D. Chen. Heterogeneously catalysed combustion in a continuously stirred tank reactor. II Autothermal behaviour in low temperature reactions. Submitted, 2000.
  74. M.I. Nelson, R.O. Weber and A.G. Tate. Modelling of Open Vat Red Wine Fermenters. Submitted, 2002.
  75. X.D. Chen and M.I. Nelson. Modelling Air-Drying of Coal Particles - A New Biot and Lewis Number Analysis. Submitted, 2005.
  76. S.D. Watt, H.S. Sidhu, M.I. Nelson, A.K. Ray. Analysis of a model for ethanol production through continuous fermentation in multiple tanks. Submitted, 2008.
  77. M.I. Nelson, H.S. Sidhu and X.D. Chen. The passage of food through animal stomachs: A chemical reactor engineering approach. Submitted, 2008.
  78. M.I. Nelson, H.S. Sidhu and A.A. Adesina. An operational model for a well-stirred membrane bioreactor: reactor performance analysis. Submitted, 2008.
  79. M.I. Nelson, E. Balakrishnan and and H.S. Sidhu. A fundamental analysis of continuous flow bioreactor and membrane reactor models with Tessier kinetics Submitted, 2008.
  80. M.I. Nelson and H.S. Sidhu. Flammability limits of an oxidation reaction in a batch reactor. Submitted, 2008.
  81. M.I. Nelson and T.C.L. Yuem. A fundamental analysis of a membrane bioreactor containing a sludge disintegration system. Submitted, 2008.
  82. M.I. Nelson, H.S. Sidhu and A.A. Adesina. Analysis of an immobilised enzyme reactor model. Submitted, 2008.
  83. S.D. Watt, H.S. Sidhu, M.I. Nelson and A.K. Ray. Analysis of a model for ethanol production through continuous fermentation: ethanol productivity. Submitted, 2008.
  84. M.I. Nelson, H.S. Sidhu and A.A. Adesina. Analysis of an immobilised enzyme reactor model with catalyst activation. Submitted, 2008.

    85. Publications as editor

  85. UK Nonlinear News 1 (June 1995)-37 (2004).
    http://www.amsta.leeds.ac.uk/Applied/news.dir/.
    "The primary goal of UK Nonlinear News is to allow researchers in the applied and theoretical sides of nonlinear mathematics to keep abreast of the wide variety of nonlinear activities throughout the UK."
    Current co-editors: Professor J. Brindley, Mr. C. Chan, & Professor J. Stark.
  86. ANZIAM 2002 The 38th Applied Mathematics Conference. (Conference booklet). ISBN~0-7317-0530-0.
  87. Guest editor (with Professor G.C. Wake) of Mathematical and Computer Modelling Volume 36, Number 3, August 2002 (`Mathematical Modelling of Nonlinear Systems: A Tribute to Professor John Brindley).
  88. Guest editor (with Dr B. Young) of Chemical Product and Product Modelling Volume 2, Number 2, May 2007. (`Papers from Chemeca 2006').

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Page Created: 5th December 1997.
Last Updated: 5th April 2009.