Alternative Methods

References

 

Coombes, R., et al. 2004, The Third FRAME Toxicity Committee: working toward greater implementation of alternatives in toxicity testing. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 32 (Suppl. 1), 635-642. 

Coombes, R. Barratt, M. & Balls, M. 2006, An Overall strategy for the testing of chemicals for human hazard and risk assessment under the EU REACH system. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, (ATLA) 34, Suppl.1, 15-27. 

Curren RD, Southee JA, Spielman H, Liebsch, M, Fentem, J.H & Balls, M 1995, The Role of Prevalidation in the Development, Validation and Acceptance of Alternative Methods. ECVAM Prevalidation Task Force Report 1. ATLA, 23:211-217.

De Boo, J., et al. 2005, The interplay between replacement, reduction and refinement: considerations where the Three Rs interact. Animal Welfare 14, 327-332. 

De Boo, J. & Knight, A. 2008, Increasing the implementation of alternatives to laboratory animal use. Alternatives to Animal Testing & Experimentation, AATEX 13(3): 109-117. 

Gruber, F.P. & Hartung, T. 2004, Alternatives to animal experimentation in basic research. ALTEX 21(Suppl. 1), 3-31.

Hartung, T. and Leist, M. 2008, Food for thought… on the evolution of toxicology and the phasing out of animal testing. ALTEX 25(2), 91-96. 

Hendriksen, CFM et al. 1994, Alternatives to Animal Testing in the Quality Control of Immunobiologicals: Current Status and Future Prospects. ECVAM Workshop Report 4. ATLA, 22: pp 420-434.

Hendriksen, C.F. 2006, Towards eliminating the use of animals for regulatory required vaccine quality control. ALTEX 23(3), 187-190. 

Jukes, N & Chiuia, M 2003, From guinea pig to computer mouse: alternative methods for a progressive humane education, 2nd edn, InterNICHE, Leicester, UK.

Knight, A. 2008, Non-animal methodologies within biomedical research and toxicity testing. ALTEX 25(3), 213-231. 

Kulpa-Eddy, J.A. 2006, Overview of the regulatory requirements for the consideration of alternatives. ALTEX 23(Spl. Issue), 200-202. 

Langley G, Harding G, Hawkins P, Newman C, Swithenby S, Thompson D, Tofts, P & Walsh V 2000, Volunteer studies replacing animal experiments in brain research: Report and recommendations of volunteers in research and testing workshop. ATLA 28: pp 315-331.

Leist, M., Hartung, T. and Nicotera, P. 2008, The dawning of a new age of toxicology. ALTEX 25(2), 103-114. 

Ohno, Y. 2008, Importance of research on alternatives to animal experiments in pharmaceutical sciences. [Japanese]. Yakugaku Zasshi 128(5), 735-740. 

Pereira, S. & Tettamanti, M. 2005, Ahimsa and alternatives ― the concept of the 4th R. The CPCSEA in India. ALTEX 22(1), 3-6. 

Reinhardt, CA (ed.) 1994, Alternatives to Animal Testing. New Ways in the Biomedical Sciences, Trends and Progress. VCH, Weinheim.

Rusche, B. 2003, The 3Rs and animal welfare - conflict or the way forward? ALTEX 20 (Suppl. 1), 63-76. 

Seibert, H. et al. 1996, Acute Toxicity Testing In Vitro and the Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. ECVAM Workshop Report 16. ATLA, 24: pp 499-510.

Worth, A.P., Valls, M. (ed). 2002, Alternative (non-animal) methods for chemicals testing: current status and future prospects. ATLA 30, Supp. 1: 125.

Zucco, M.F., et al. 2005, Alternative methods in animal experimentation: evaluating scientific, ethical and social issues in the 3Rs context. Final Report and Recommendations, D8. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission – Research Directorate-General; Directorate E – Biotechnology, Agriculture and Food. QLG6-2001-00028. 

Last reviewed: 1 July, 2009